Open Access
Table 3
Impact of helmet usage and intoxication on selected adverse outcomes.
| Helmet usage |
Intoxication |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse outcome | Helmeted (n = 158); n (%) | Non-helmeted (n = 383); n (%) | p-value | Sober (n = 359); n (%) | Intoxicated (n = 189); n (%) | p-value |
| Severe GCS (<9) | 15 (9.49%) | 73 (19.06%) | 0.006 | 54 (15.04%) | 36 (19.05%) | 0.229 |
| ISS ≥ 30 | 10 (6.33%) | 56 (14.62%) | 0.007 | 44 (12.26%) | 23 (12.17%) | 0.976 |
| Any bony injury | 101 (63.92%) | 151 (39.43%) | <0.001 | 182 (50.70%) | 76 (40.21%) | 0.019 |
| Any soft tissue | 18 (11.39%) | 14 (3.66%) | 0.001 | 20 (5.57%) | 15 (7.94%) | 0.282 |
| Plastic surgery involvement | 11 (6.96%) | 27 (7.05%) | 0.971 | 21 (5.85%) | 20 (10.58%) | 0.045 |
| Extended LOS (>75th percentile) | 36 (22.78%) | 103 (26.89%) | 0.320 | 83 (23.18%) | 59 (31.38%) | 0.038 |
| High cost (>75th percentile) | 38 (24.05%) | 97 (25.33%) | 0.755 | 74 (21.70%) | 58 (31.69%) | 0.012 |
GCS: Glasgow coma scale; ISS: injury severity score; LOS: length of stay (days). Sober: blood alcohol concentration (BAC) = 0; intoxicated: BAC > 0. Significance set at p < 0.05.
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