Table 4
Impact of helmet and intoxication status on selected adverse outcomes.
| Non-helmeted (n = 383) |
Intoxicated (n = 189) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse outcome | OR [CI] | p-value | OR [CI] | p-value |
| Severe GCS (<9) | 2.28 [1.24–4.17] | 0.008 | 1.28 [0.79–2.08] | 0.322 |
| ISS ≥ 30 | 2.42 [1.18–4.93] | 0.015 | 0.91 [0.52–1.60] | 0.752 |
| Any bony injury | 0.38 [0.25–0.57] | <0.001 | 0.02 [0.43–0.93] | 0.019 |
| Any soft tissue injury | 0.57 [0.20–1.60] | 0.288 | 1.21 [0.42–3.47] | 0.726 |
| Plastic surgery involvement | 0.83 [0.39–1.78] | 0.638 | 1.89 [0.94–3.79] | 0.074 |
| Extended LOS (>75th percentile) | 1.13 [0.72–1.78] | 0.587 | 1.43 [0.95–2.17] | 0.088 |
| High cost (>75th percentile) | 0.99 [0.63–1.55] | 0.953 | 1.62 [1.07–2.45] | 0.024 |
OR: odds ratio; CI: 95% confidence interval; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; ISS: injury severity score; LOS: length of stay (days). Controlled for age, sex, and race. For each outcome, helmet status and intoxication status were included in the model. Significance set at p < 0.05.
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