Table 1
Evaluation of posterior, varus and valgus knee instability using stress radiographs [25].
| Poster instability |
Varus instability |
Valgus instability |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kneeling stress radiographs (PTT) | Injury | Grade of PCL injury | Varus stress test | Injury | Valgus stress test | Injury |
| ≤ 7 mm | Normal or partial tear | I | ≤ 2.6 mm | Normal or partial tear | ≤ 3.1 mm | Normal or partial tear |
| 8–11 mm | Complete PCL tear | II | 2.7–3.9 mm | Isolated LCL tear | 3.2–9.7 mm | Complete sMCL tear |
| ≥ 12 mm | Combined ligament injury | III | ≥ 4 mm | Complete PLC injury | ≥ 9.8 mm | Complete tear of all medial structures |
LCL, lateral collateral ligament; PCL, posterior collateral ligament; PLC, posterolateral corner; PTT, posterior tibial translation; sMCL, superficial medial collateral ligament.
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