Open Access
Table 1
Univariate associations with surgical intervention.
| Characteristic, n (%) | Nonsurgical (n = 15,505) | Surgical (n = 3,759) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age quintile | <0.001 | ||
| <55 | 2506 (16.2) | 817 (21.7) | |
| 55–69 | 2705 (17.5) | 1009 (26.8) | |
| 70–79 | 3165 (20.4) | 1019 (24.4) | |
| 80–86 | 3138 (20.2) | 610 (16.2) | |
| ≥87 | 3991 (25.7) | 304 (8.1) | |
| Frail (mFI-5 ≥2) | 6069 (39.1) | 1202 (32.0) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 7597 (49.1) | 2241 (59.9) | <0.001 |
| White race | 13410 (86.5) | 3189 (84.8) | 0.009 |
| Cause of injury | <0.001 | ||
| Fall | 10929 (70.5) | 2387 (63.5) | |
| Vehicle occupant | 3293 (21.2) | 1009 (26.8) | |
| Bicycle or pedestrian | 675 (4.4) | 227 (6.0) | |
| All other causes | 608 (3.9) | 136 (3.6) | |
| ED hemodynamic instability | 1325 (8.6) | 223 (5.9) | <0.001 |
| ED GCS 3–8 (severe) | 1894 (12.8) | 285 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| ISS ≥25 (polytrauma) | 1720 (11.1) | 430 (11.5) | 0.54 |
| Concomitant injuries | |||
| Cervical ligament sprain | 1078 (7.0) | 683 (18.2) | <0.001 |
| Vertebral dislocation | 687 (4.4) | 463 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| Traumatic brain injury (TBI) | 2918 (18.8) | 623 (16.6) | 0.001 |
| Spinal cord injury (SCI) | 1281 (8.3) | 739 (19.7) | <0.001 |
| Fracture patterns | |||
| Odontoid type II | 7220 (46.6) | 2031 (54.0) | <0.001 |
| Odontoid type I/III | 2358 (15.2) | 663 (17.6) | <0.001 |
| Non-odontoid C2 fracture | 4445 (28.7) | 957 (25.5) | <0.001 |
| Jefferson burst | 1080 (7.0) | 397 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| Posterior arch | 4537 (29.3) | 1114 (29.6) | 0.65 |
| Lateral mass | 1978 (12.8) | 429 (11.4) | 0.03 |
| Other C1 fracture | 5027 (32.4) | 1180 (31.4) | 0.23 |
| Displaced C2 fracture | 11701 (75.5) | 3329 (88.6) | <0.001 |
| Displaced C1 fracture | 10382 (67.0) | 2754 (73.3) | <0.001 |
Bolding denotes statistical significance.
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