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Table 2
Stepwise multivariate regression modelling surgical intervention.
| Covariate | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|
| Spinal cord injury | 2.39 (2.13–2.69) | <0.001 |
| Vertebral ligament dislocation | 2.16 (1.86–2.51) | <0.001 |
| Displaced C2 fracture | 2.15 (1.90–2.43) | <0.001 |
| Cervical ligament sprain | 2.03 (1.81–2.28) | <0.001 |
| Odontoid type II fracture | 1.90 (1.74–2.08) | <0.001 |
| Jefferson burst fracture | 1.71 (1.46–1.99) | <0.001 |
| Male (vs. female) | 1.24 (1.14–1.34) | <0.001 |
| Odontoid I/III fracture | 1.22 (1.08–1.38) | 0.001 |
| Displaced C1 fracture | 1.22 (1.09–1.35) | <0.001 |
| Posterior arch fracture | 1.12 (1.02–1.22) | 0.01 |
| Frailty ≥2 (MFI-5) | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 0.04 |
| ED hemodynamic instability | 0.72 (0.61–0.85) | <0.001 |
| ED GCS ≤8 | 0.31 (0.27–0.37) | <0.001 |
| Age (ref: Age <55) | 55–69: 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.54 |
| 70–79: 0.75 (0.66–0.85) | <0.001 | |
| 80–86: 0.44 (0.38–0.50) | <0.001 | |
| ≥87: 0.17 (0.14–0.20) | <0.001 |
Bolding denotes statistical significance. Model c-statistic: 0.75. Variables removed from the model with backward elimination: Race (p = 0.89), lateral mass fracture (p = 0.28), TBI (p = 0.24), Other C1 fracture (p = 0.11), and ISS ≥ 25 (p = 0.09).
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