Avoidance of external fixation pin induced rotational stiffness in the forearm; a cadaver study of soft tissue displacement relative to the varying position of radius and ulna fixation

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Table 5.

Range of predictable rotation in external fixation of the radius^* (maximal pronation, neutral, maximal supination).

	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII
1	–	–	–	10/0/10	10/0/10	10/0/10	30/0/30	70/0/70
8	–	–	–	–	–	10/0/10	10/0/30	0/0/70
9	–	0/0/10 ^**	0/0/10	0/0/10	0/0/10	10/0/30	10/0/30	30/0/70
10	–	–	–	0/0/10	0/0/10	10/0/30	10/0/30	10/0/70
11	–	–	–	10/0/10	10/0/10	10/0/30	30/0/30	10/0/70
12	–	–	–	10/0/10	10/0/10	10/0/10	10/0/30	70/0/70

Positions 5–7 were not taken into account. These positions cannot be used for external fixation: in rotation the elements of external fixation frame will come in contact with the ulna (Solomin).

^**

Bold type marks the positions with maximal range of rotation for each level.

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