Table 1
Patient characteristics.
| Baseline characteristics | The total cohort | No persistent pain | Persistent pain | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 119 | n = 65 | n = 22 | ||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 56 (10.4) | 59 (10.2) | 54 (8.8) | 0.04 |
| Gender, n (% of total) | ||||
| Female | 61 (51.3) | 33 (50.8) | 14 (63.6) | 0.30 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 26.8 (4.3) | 27 (4.1) | 28 (5.9) | 0.56 |
| Missing | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
| Level of education, n (% of total) | ||||
| Low level of education | 91 (76.5) | 38 (58.5) | 17 (77.3) | 0.29 |
| High level of education | 27 (22.7) | 27 (41.5) | 5 (22.7) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | |
| Marital status, n (% of total) | ||||
| Single/widowed | 95 (79.8) | 10 (15.4) | 4 (18.2) | 0.76 |
| Cohabitants/married | 23 (19.3) | 55 (84.6) | 18 (81.8) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | |
| Employment, n (% of total) | ||||
| No | 23 (19.3) | 7 (10.8) | 10 (45.5) | <0.01 |
| Yes | 66 (55.5) | 36 (55.4) | 9 (40.9) | |
| Retired | 25 (21.0) | 20 (30.8) | 3 (13.6) | |
| Missing | 5 (4.2) | 2 (3.1) | 0 | |
| Insurance case, n (% of total) | ||||
| Missing | 14 (11.8) | 2 (3.1) | 7 (31.8) | <0.01 |
| Pain elsewhere | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | |
| No | 33 (27.7) | 17 (26.2) | 2 (9.1) | 0.09 |
| Yes | 85 (71.2) | 48 (73.8) | 20 (90.1) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | |
| Shoulder-specific parameters | ||||
| WORC, mean (SD) | 1284 (402) | 1227 (392) | 1455 (285) | 0.01 |
| SANE, mean (SD) | 51 (18.4) | 51 (19.1) | 48.5 (13.9) | 0.53 |
| Worst pain, median [range] | 7 [0–10] | 7 [0–10] | 7 [3–10] | 0.29 |
| 24 h average pain, median [range] | 5 [0–10] | 5 [0–10] | 5 [2–8] | 0.67 |
| Type of surgery, n (% of total) | ||||
| ASD | 43 (36.1) | 25 (38.5) | 8 (36.4) | 0.03 |
| AC resection | 20 (16.8) | 6 (9.2) | 7 (31.8) | |
| ASD and AC resection | 56 (47.1) | 34 (52.3) | 7 (31.8) | |
| Expected outcome after surgery | ||||
| Average pain median [range] | 7 [0–10] | 7 [1–10] | 7.5 [3–10] | 0.26 |
| Return to work/daily living, n (% of total) | ||||
| <4 weeks | 41 (34.5) | 23 (35.4) | 9 (40.9) | 0.68 |
| 1–2 months | 40 (33.6) | 28 (43.1) | 4 (18.2) | |
| 3–4 months | 29 (24.4) | 10 (15.4) | 8 (36.4) | |
| 5–6 months | 3 (2.5) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | |
| >6 months | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | |
| Missing | 4 (3.4) | 2 (3.1) | 1 (4.5) | |
| Conditioned pain modulation | ||||
| PPT shoulder, mean (SD) | 272 (140) | 273 (140) | 290 (110) | 0.65 |
| PPT thigh, mean (SD) | 477 (226) | 455 (217) | 530 (207) | 0.18 |
| CPM shoulder, n (%) | ||||
| Inefficient | 13 (10.9) | 7 (10.8) | 1 (4.5) | 0.33 |
| Efficient | 79 (66.4) | 45 (69.2) | 18 (81.8) | |
| Missing | 27 (22.7) | 13 (20.0) | 3 (13.6) | |
| CPM thigh, n (%) | ||||
| Inefficient | 9 (7.6) | 6 (9.2) | 0 | 0.33 |
| Efficient | 80 (67.2) | 45 (69.2) | 17 (77.3) | |
| Missing | 30 (25.2) | 14 (21.5) | 5 (22.7) | |
| Psychological parameters | ||||
| PCS total, n (%) | ||||
| Low risk | 67 (56.3) | 37 (56.9) | 11 (50) | 0.69 |
| Moderate risk | 31 (26.1) | 18 (27.7) | 8 (26.4) | |
| High risk | 21 (17.6) | 10 (15.4) | 3 (13.6) | |
| HADS-a, n (%) | ||||
| Low risk | 97 (81.5) | 54 (83.1) | 17 (77.3) | 0.06 |
| Moderate risk | 13 (10.9) | 6 (9.2) | 3 (13.6) | |
| High risk | 9 (7.6) | 5 (7.7) | 2 (9.1) | |
| HADS-d, n (%) | ||||
| Low risk | 105 (88.2) | 57 (87.7) | 19 (86.4) | 0.13 |
| Moderate risk | 8 (6.7) | 5 (7.7) | 1 (4.5) | |
| High risk | 6 (5.0) | 3 (4.6) | 2 (9.1) | |
| s-STAI, n (%) | ||||
| Low risk | 83 (69.7) | 47 (72.3) | 12 (54.5) | 0.12 |
| High risk | 36 (30.3) | 18 (27.7) | 10 (45.5) | |
| t-STAI, n (%) | ||||
| Low risk | 89 (74.8) | 53 (81.5) | 11 (50.0) | <0.01 |
| High risk | 30 (25.2) | 12 (18.5) | 11 (50.0) | |
BMI, body mass index; WORC, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index; SANE, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation; ASD, arthroscopic subacromial decompression; AC resection, acromioclavicular joint resection; CPM, conditioned pain modulation STAI, State-Trait Anxiety FORM Y; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale.
Separate characteristics for patients with shoulder pathology (n = 10) and the four patients who declined to have a follow-up examination 6 months after surgery are not shown. The 18 non-responders had undergone ASD (n = 4), AC resection (n = 4) and ASD with AC resection (n = 10) and were significantly younger (p = 0.03), but did not differ in regard to gender, psychological characteristics, or conditioned pain modulation response. A patient was considered to have an efficient endogenous pain modulation capacity if the test pain was reduced during cold water immersion.
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