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Table 3
NAVI and VRAS NASA-TLX questionnaire results.
| NAVI | VRAS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Mean ± SD | Range | Median | Mean ± SD | Range | Median | p-value |
| Surgeon (NAVI n = 10 and VRAS n = 9) | |||||||
| Mental demand | 7.20 ± 2.94 | 4.00–14.00 | 6.50 | 2.78 ± 0.97 | 1.00–4.00 | 3.00 | <.001 |
| Physical demand* | 4.50 ± 1.18 | 3.00–7.00 | 4.00 | 2.44 ± 1.33 | 1.00–5.00 | 2.00 | <.001 |
| Temporal demand | 6.40 ± 1.78 | 4.00–10.00 | 6.00 | 3.33 ± 1.50 | 1.00–6.00 | 3.00 | <.001 |
| Performance* | 6.80 ± 2.39 | 4.00–11.00 | 6.00 | 2.22 ± 0.67 | 1.00–3.00 | 2.00 | <.001 |
| Effort* | 6.50 ± 1.90 | 4.00–9.00 | 6.00 | 3.11 ± 1.17 | 2.00–5.00 | 3.00 | <.001 |
| Frustration* | 8.20 ± 3.68 | 5.00–14.00 | 6.00 | 2.67 ± 1.22 | 1.00–4.00 | 3.00 | <.001 |
| Scrub nurse (NAVI n = 10 and VRAS n = 8) | |||||||
| Mental demand* | 6.70 ± 3.16 | 3.00–13.00 | 6.50 | 5.88 ± 2.23 | 4.00–11.00 | 5.50 | n.s. |
| Physical demand* | 6.10 ± 2.64 | 4.00–13.00 | 6.00 | 6.63 ± 2.56 | 4.00–11.00 | 7.00 | n.s. |
| Temporal demand* | 7.90 ± 2.23 | 6.00–13.00 | 7.50 | 9.50 ± 4.44 | 5.00–16.00 | 7.50 | n.s. |
| Performance* | 4.80 ± 1.69 | 2.00–7.00 | 4.50 | 6.00 ± 3.07 | 4.00–12.00 | 4.00 | n.s. |
| Effort | 8.10 ± 2.60 | 5.00–12.00 | 8.00 | 7.63 ± 4.24 | 4.00–16.00 | 6.50 | n.s. |
| Frustration | 4.10 ± 2.73 | 1.00–10.00 | 4.00 | 7.75 ± 5.31 | 1.00–17.00 | 7.00 | n.s. |
*Nonparametric value based on the Mann–Whitney U test.
Abbreviations: Navi: navigation; VRAS: Velys robotic-assisted surgery; SD: standard deviation; TLX: task load index.
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