Table 3

Fracture characteristics across included studies.

Variable Findings
Metaphyseal fractures 85%
Physeal (Salter–Harris I–V) fractures 15%
Associated distal ulna fracture 70% of studies
Displaced fractures included Majority
Typical displacement threshold >50% translation or >15° angulation
Overriding (“bayonet”) fractures studied 3 comparative studies
Open fractures 3% (mostly Gustilo I)
High-energy injuries Rare

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