EDP Sciences logo
Submit your paper
Search
Menu
All issues Volume 3 (2017) SICOT-J, 3 (2017) 18 Full HTML
Issue
SICOT-J
Volume 3, 2017
Special Issue: "Arthroscopic Treatment of Chondral Lesions of the Hip" Guest Editor: M. Tey Pons
Article Number 18
Number of page(s) 6
Section Lower Limb
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/sicotj/2016044
Published online 06 March 2017

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2017

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in the hip is an uncommon condition characterized by the separation of the osteochondral lesion from the subchondral bone. Lindholm et al. reported 36 patients treated for OCD lesions of the elbow, ankle, and hip during a period of 20 years. Only six (five men and one woman) of the 36 patients had OCD lesions of the hip [1]. Several studies have shown a higher prevalence of OCD of the femoral head in patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD) [2–4].

The vast majority of patients with symptomatic OCD lesions of the femoral head require surgical management when nonsurgical treatment fails. Fragment removal can cause joint incongruity predisposing toward osteoarthritis. Thus ideally, the aim of surgical interventions should be to restore the articular surface congruity and preserve normal joint kinematics. Numerous surgical procedures including: fragment fixation with bone pegs, osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT), fresh OAT allograft, and joint arthroplasty have all been reported. Arthroscopic osteochondral autologous transplantation (OAT) is a well-developed and promising technique for the treatment of isolated, full-thickness cartilage lesions in knee and ankle joints [5–7]. In the literature, however, most of the patients treated for osteochondral lesions in the hip require an open surgical dislocation procedure.

Hip arthroscopy is a fascinating tool for assessing and treating hip pathologies including labral tears and femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Our previous report demonstrated antegrade OAT for treating OCD lesion of femoral head as an innovative and novel technique [8]. In addition, retrograde OAT for chondral lesion of the medial central area of the femoral head has also been reported [9]. The purpose of this article was to demonstrate a novel surgical technique and case presentation of arthroscopic OAT for the treatment of OCD lesion of femoral head.

Surgical technique

Hip arthroscopy

The patient was placed in a modified supine position on the traction table (Hip Positioning System, Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA), under general and epidural anesthesia, with a well-padded perineal post. Countertraction on the contralateral leg was obtained by abduction. The involved hip was internally rotated and slightly flexed.

First, arthroscopic evaluation for intra-articular lesions, including labral tearing and associated cartilage damage, was performed through an anterolateral portal (ALP) and a midanterior portal (MAP). Intra-portal capsulotomy using a beaver knife (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) was completed to improve accessibility of the scope and surgical instruments.

Case 1: antegrade osteochondral autograft

A 40-year-old female patient presented to us with a 12-month history of left hip pain. Physical examination showed limited range of motion (ROM) with a flexion of 90° and internal rotation of 15°. She had positive impingement sign and hip dial test. Plain radiographs showed a lateral center edge angle (LCEA) of 23° and an alpha angle of 65° suggesting borderline hip dysplasia and concomitant cam impingement (Figure 1A). Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed an OCD lesion of the femoral head (Figures 1B and 1C). Partial tearing at the anterior site of the acetabular labrum (9:30 position) and associated cartilage softening at rim lesion were observed. This last was classified as grade 1 of the Multicenter Arthroscopy of the Hip Outcomes Research Network (MAHORN) [10]. The thermoplasty was carried out using a radiofrequency probe for the treatment of the partial tearing of the labrum (VAPER, DePuy Mitek, Raynham, MA). Next, the OCD lesion was observed at the anterosuperior portion of the femoral head (Figure 2A). A proximal midanterior portal (PMAP) was established to access the OCD lesion. This was performed with the hip at 10° of extension. The condition of the cartilage was evaluated using a probe and determined that refixation was not appropriate (Figure 2A). A decision was made to proceed with osteochondral transplantation. Next, viewing from the ALP, the degenerative cartilage lesion was resected using a shaver (DYONICS BONECUTTERTM PLATINUM 4.5 mm, Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA) and a curette inserted through the PMAP (Relevator, DePuy Mitek, Tokyo, Japan) (Figure 2B). The OAT technique was performed using the MosaicPlasty autologous osteochondral grafting system (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA). The size of the lesion was determined to be 8.5 mm in diameter. This was assessed making sure the chisel was perpendicular to the articular surface (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA). After releasing traction a cylindrical autologous osteochondral graft (8.5 mm diameter) was harvested arthroscopically from the ipsilateral knee joint with full extension of hip and knee (Figure 2C). The superior lateral aspect of the intercondylar notch was used as the donor site. The Chizel (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA) was introduced through the superolateral portal in the knee and driven into the bone to a depth of 12 mm. The harvester, containing the graft, was then removed by twisting the T-handle.

thumbnail Figure 1.

(A) A round radiolucent lesion (arrow) suggests an osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion at the anterosuperior portion of the left femoral head. (B) Preoperative oblique sagittal view of computed tomography showing a round radiolucent lesion at the anterosuperior site of the femoral head. (C) 3-dimensional computed tomography also showing an OCD lesion (arrow) at the anterosuperior site of the femoral head. (D) Coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) view (short inversion time inversion-recovery sequence) showing a high-intensity round lesion (arrow) at the anterosuperior portion of the femoral head.

thumbnail Figure 2.

Surgical findings and technique. (A) An osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion (arrows), classified as International Cartilage Repair Society grade III, was observed at the anterosuperior femoral head, with the arthroscope viewing from the anterolateral portal (ALP). A probe through the proximal midanterior portal (PMAP) was used to evaluate the OCD lesion. (B) The degenerative OCD lesion was resected under direct visualization from the ALP. (C) A cylindrical autologous osteochondral graft (8.5 mm in diameter) was harvested arthroscopically from the ipsilateral knee joint. (D) A drill guide was introduced through the PMAP, viewing from the ALP. The subchondral bone was drilled to a depth of 14 mm. The dilator was inserted into the drill guide and tapped to the desired depth. (E) The autologous osteochondral graft was tamped into the lesion until the articular surface was flush with the host joint surface. (CP: capsule; FH: femoral head.)

At the recipient site, a drill guide at a 90° angle to the recipient site was inserted, through the PMAP, while viewing through the scope located in the ALP. The subchondral bone was drilled to a depth of 14 mm. The dilator was inserted into the drill guide and tapped to the desired depth. The osteochondral autograft was placed over the lesion and tapped into position, until articular surface, making sure it flushed with the host joint surface (Figures 2D and 2E).

After the central compartment procedure was finalized, the traction was released to assess the peripheral compartment. A cam lesion that had diffuse cartilage damage (International Cartilage Research Society (ICRS) grade II) was seen at the femoral head-neck junction. Arthroscopic dynamic assessment confirmed cam impingement. Thus, cam osteoplasty was carried out using a motorized round burr. Lastly, capsular closure was performed in the hip at 40° of flexion, through the MAP as described previously. A total of two side-to-side stitches were placed to close the capsule. Modified Harris hip score (MHHS) improved from 59.4 preoperatively to 88 at three years after surgery. Non-arthritis hip score improved from 72.5 to 87.5 at three years after surgery.

Case 2: retrograde osteochondral autograft transplantation

A 18-year-old badminton male player presented with right hip pain for the past 18 months. The pain was worsened by walking and stepping. Physical examination showed pain on internal rotation and hip flexion at 90°. Plain X-ray identified a lateral center edge angle (LCEA) of 18° and an OCD lesion with concomitant deformity of the femoral head. OCD lesion of the femoral head, hip dysplasia, and Perthes like deformity of proximal femur was diagnosed (Figures 3A and 3B). Perthes like deformity was classified as Stulberg grade I. CT and MRI demonstrated an OCD lesion of femoral head partially separated from the subchondral bone in association with a cystic lesion in the subchondral bone at the central-superior portion of the femoral head [11].

thumbnail Figure 3.

(A and B) Preoperative anteroposterior radiograph and modified Dunn view (45° flexion and 20° external rotation) showing OCD lesion of the aspherical shaped femoral head. (C) CT showing OCD lesion including subchondral cystic lesion of the femoral head. (D) MRI showing OCD lesion and subchondral cystic change.

Since nonsurgical treatment failed, hip arthroscopy and retrograde osteochondral autograft transplantation were indicated. During the central compartment procedure, an anterosuperior acetabular labral tear (slightly degenerative flattened) was confirmed. Labral repair was performed with a suture anchor fixation (Figures 4A and 4B). After releasing traction, a dynamic assessment to evaluate impingement was performed confirming FAI cam impingement (Figure 4C). Cam osteoplasty was performed (Figure 4D). After reapplying traction, the OCD lesion (ICRS grade III) was observed in the weight-bearing area and perifoveal area of the femoral head (Figures 6A and 6B). Under fluoroscopy, a CROSSTRAC Hip Guide System (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA) was introduced through the ALP (Figure 5). The aimer of CROSSTRAC GUIDE SYSTEM was placed at the center of a completely separated OCD lesion and a 2.4 mm guide-wire was drilled from greater trochanter with direct visualization from the MAP (Figure 5). Then, the aimer of CROSSTRAC GUIDE SYSTEM was placed at the partially separated OCD lesion and three 2.0 mm K-wires were introduced from the greater trochanter toward the articular surface of femoral head using CROSSTRAC GUIDE SYSTEM, performing a retrograde fixation with K-wires of the OCD lesion of the femoral head (Figure 6C and 6E). After releasing traction, a cylindrical autologous osteochondral graft (10 mm diameter) was harvested arthroscopically from the ipsilateral knee joint in a full extension of knee (Figure 2C). The superior lateral aspect of the intercondylar notch was used as the donor site. The 10-mm size Chizel (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA) was introduced through the superolateral knee portal. It was driven into the bone to a depth of 25 mm. The harvester, containing the graft, was then removed by twisting the T-handle. For retrograde OAT procedure, a Core reamer (anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) drill guide system) was utilized to make a graft tunnel through the 2.4 mm ACL drill guide wire from greater trochanter to reach out to the articular surface of the femoral head (Figure 6F). The autologous OATS was delivered through the tunnel by using bone tunnel dilator from greater trochanter (Figure 6G).

thumbnail Figure 4.

(A) Arthroscopic findings from anterolateral portal showing anterosuperior labral tear. (B) Acetabular labral repair with suture anchor fixation. (C) Arthroscopic findings from midanterior portal showing cam impingement. (D) Osteoplasty was performed.

thumbnail Figure 5.

A CROSSTRAC II drill guide system. (1) Drill guide, (2) aimer, (3) drill tube.

thumbnail Figure 6.

(A) Arthroscopic finding from ALP showing OCD lesion separated from the femoral head. (B) Viewing from MAP, OCD fragment was removed by forceps through ALP. (C) Viewing from PMAP, OCD was fixed by three 2 mm K-wires through CROSSTRAC guide. (D) Cylindrical osteochondral autograft harvested from femur. (E) Pelvic AP view showing retrograde pinning of K-wires and bone tunnel for OAT. (F) Viewing from ALP, OAT was delivered and fixed through the tunnel by using bone tunnel dilator from greater trochanter.

Postoperative X-ray showed good healing of OAT and retrograde fixation at OCD lesion of the femoral head (Figure 7). Since the patient required the removal of K-wires, second-look hip arthroscopy at 12 months was performed demonstrating good healing of the OCD lesion of the femoral head (Figure 8). Modified Harris hip score (MHHS) improved from 69.8 preoperatively to 100 at 14 months after surgery. Non-arthritis hip score improved from 88.7 to 100 at 14 months after surgery.

thumbnail Figure 7.

Postoperative anteroposterior (AP) pelvis and Dunn view confirming good healing after OAT treatment.

thumbnail Figure 8.

(A) Second look showing good healing of OAT and (B) fragment fixation at OCD lesion of the femoral head.

Postoperative rehabilitation

Postoperative rehabilitation was used for both antegrade and retrograde OAT procedures. The patients were placed in a brace (Philippon brace, Bledsoe, Dallas, TX), for three weeks, to protect the hip and limit abduction and rotation. Gentle passive range of motion (ROM) exercise was initiated during the first week, under the supervision of a physiotherapist. The patient remained non-weight bearing, during the first four weeks. Active hip flexion was limited, during phase I (the first four weeks), to minimize the risk of hip flexor inflammation. From week four to five, weight bearing was gradually increased and the patient was progressed to full weight bearing at eight weeks after surgery. The patients were allowed to start swimming and do stationary bike with resistance at four months after surgery. Endurance strengthening began at 24 weeks after surgery; only after range of motion was maximized and after good stability in gait and movement was observed. Throughout this phase, there was no low impact aerobic conditioning.

Discussion

In this study, we demonstrated two cases with OCD lesions of femoral head treated with an arthroscopic antegrade and retrograde OAT technique for treating OCD lesions in the hip.

In this article, the first case was associated with acetabular labral tear and the second case was associated with LCPD, acetabular labral tear, and hip dysplasia. There are several studies looking at OCD lesions with LCPD. Rowe et al. have shown that seven of 363 hips (about 2%) with LCPD have concomitant OCD lesions [12]. Steenbrugge and Macnicol reported four cases with OCD lesions of the femoral head diagnosed about four years following the occurrence of LCPD [4]. We think OCD lesion of femoral head may sequel to other hip pathologies including labral tears and/or LCPD.

Clohisy et al. described good clinical outcomes of residual Perthes like deformity and hip dysplasia treated with open surgical dislocation and concomitant periacetabular osteotomy [13]. Several studies have shown that shelf acetabuloplasty is also useful for treating Perthes like deformity with concurrent hip dysplasia [14, 15]. Recently, we developed a new endoscopic technique of shelf acetabuloplasty for treating hip dysplasia as well as intra-articular pathologies [16]. Thus, we utilized endoscopic shelf procedure concomitantly with arthroscopic OAT procedures.

There are several case reports of patients with osteochondral lesions of the femoral head undergoing OAT procedure. Nam et al. reported two cases of osteochondral lesions of the femoral head who had undergone OAT procedure combined with osteochondral fragment fixation after traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip joint. They demonstrated good clinical outcomes and graft incorporation showed by the MRI study [17]. Girard et al. demonstrated the surgical technique and clinical outcomes following OAT after treating 10 patients with OCD lesions of the femoral head. They revealed excellent well-healed incorporation of autologous graft in all radiographs [18]. Gagala et al. also reported good result following fragment fixation combined with OAT for treating osteochondral defect after posterior fracture dislocation of the hip joint. They proposed good clinical outcomes and graft congruity confirmed by MRI [19]. All those case reports described require an open surgical dislocation with a trochanteric osteotomy to assess and treat the osteochondral lesion. Contrary to arthroscopic procedures, open approaches could have higher rates of complications, such as, non-union of the greater trochanter and slower recovery [20].

Hip arthroscopy is less invasive and promising tool for assessing and treating hip intra-articular pathologies. Matsuda and Safran demonstrated good clinical outcomes after arthroscopic internal fixation of an OCD lesion in the femoral head using metal headless compression screws [21]. Arthroscopic OAT would be more advantageous if OCD lesion is irreparable and degenerative. Kubo et al. described a new surgical technique of arthroscopic antegrade OAT procedure for treating OCD at the anterosuperior aspect of the femoral head [8]. Cetinkaya et al. also described a surgical technique with arthroscopic retrograde OAT procedures for treating OCD lesion at the central weight-bearing area of the femoral head [9].

Indication and contraindication

The indication of antegrade OAT technique is an OCD lesion (ICRS classification grades III and IV) at the anterior-superior or anterior-lateral aspect of the femoral head [22]. The indication of retrograde OAT technique is OCD lesion at center and/or posterior aspect of the femoral head. Contra-indication of these techniques are an infection surrounding hip joint and osteoarthritis (Table 1).

Table 1.

Indication and contra-indication of OAT technique.

Advantage and disadvantage

Arthroscopic OAT to treat OCD lesion of the femoral head has several advantages and some disadvantages. The advantages are that this procedure is minimally invasive and it has the potential for early rehabilitation and quicker recovery. Concurrent lesions can be readily assessed and treated arthroscopically. Surgeons are able to assess impingement issues and other intra-articular pathologies, such as, acetabular labral tears, ligamentous tearing, and cartilage delamination since OCD of the femoral head is often associated with other pathologies. However, considerable disadvantages are that this procedure is meticulous and technically demanding. The targeting of retrograde drilling is also is difficult despite the use of CROSSTRAC system. There is the possibility of donor-site morbidity, such as, donor-site pain in the knee joint.

Conclusion

Hip arthroscopy plays a crucial therapeutic and diagnostic tool for the treatment of several hip pathologies including: labrum tears, cartilage damage and impingement. These reported techniques add a potential role of hip arthroscopy for the treatment of OCD.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest in relation with this paper.

References

  1. Lindholm TS, Osterman K, Vankka E (1980) Osteochondritis dissecans of elbow, ankle and hip: a comparison survey. Clin Orthop Relat Res 148, 245–253. [Google Scholar]
  2. Freehafer AA (1960) Osteochondritis dissecans following Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. A report of one case. J Bone Joint Surg Am 42-A, 777–782. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Osterman K, Lindholm TS (1980) Osteochondritis dissecans following Perthes’ disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res 152, 247–254. [Google Scholar]
  4. Steenbrugge F, Macnicol MF (2002) Osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral head in Perthes disease: a cause for concern? Acta Orthop Belg 68, 485–489. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Hangody L, Kish G, Karpati Z, Szerb I, Eberhardt R (1997) Treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: use of the mosaicplasty technique – a preliminary report. Foot Ankle Int 18, 628–634. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Hangody L, Kish G, Karpati Z, Szerb I, Udvarhelyi I (1997) Arthroscopic autogenous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of femoral condylar articular defects. a preliminary report. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 5, 262–267. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bartha L, Vajda A, Duska Z, Rahmeh H, Hangody L (2006) Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty grafting. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 36, 739–750. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Kubo T, Utsunomiya H, Watanuki M, Hayashi H, Sakai A, Uchida S (2015) Hip arthroscopic osteochondral autologous transplantation for treating osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral head. Arthrosc Tech 4(6), e675–e680. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cetinkaya S, Toker B, Taser O (2014) Arthroscopic retrograde osteochondral autologous transplantation to chondral lesion in femoral head. Orthopedics 37, e600–604. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Safran MR, Hariri S (2010) Hip arthroscopy assessment tools and outcomes. Oper Tech Orthop 20, 264–277. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  11. Ilizaliturri VM Jr, Byrd JW, Sampson TG, Guanche CA, Philippon MJ, Kelly BT, Dienst M, Mardones R, Shonnard P, Larson CM (2008) A geographic zone method to describe intra-articular pathology in hip arthroscopy: cadaveric study and preliminary report. Arthroscopy 24, 534–539. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Rowe SM, Kim HS, Yoon TR (1989) Osteochondritis dissecans in Perthes’ disease. Report of 7 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 60, 545–547. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Clohisy JC, Nepple JJ, Ross JR, Pashos G, Schoenecker PL (2015) Does surgical hip dislocation and periacetabular osteotomy improve pain in patients with Perthes-like deformities and acetabular dysplasia? Clin Orthop Relat Res 473, 1370–1377. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Willett K, Hudson I, Catterall A (1992) Lateral shelf acetabuloplasty: an operation for older children with Perthes’ disease. J Pediatr Orthop 12, 563–568. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Van Der Geest IC, Kooijman MA, Spruit M, Anderson PG, De Smet PM (2001) Shelf acetabuloplasty for Perthes’ disease: 12-year follow-up. Acta Orthop Belg 67, 126–131. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Uchida S, Wada T, Sakoda S, Ariumi A, Sakai A, Iida H, Nakamura T (2014) Endoscopic shelf acetabuloplasty combined with labral repair, cam osteochondroplasty, and capsular plication for treating developmental hip dysplasia. Arthrosc Tech 3, e185–e191. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Nam D, Shindle MK, Buly RL, Kelly BT, Lorich DG (2010) Traumatic osteochondral injury of the femoral head treated by mosaicplasty: a report of two cases. HSS J 6, 228–234. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Girard J, Roumazeille T, Sakr M, Migaud H (2011) Osteochondral mosaicplasty of the femoral head. Hip Int 21, 542–548. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gagala J, Tarczynska M, Gaweda K (2014) Fixation of femoral head fractures with autologous osteochondral transfer (mosaicplasty). J Orthop Trauma 28, e226–230. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Botser IB, Smith TW Jr, Nasser R, Domb BG (2011) Open surgical dislocation versus arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement: a comparison of clinical outcomes. Arthroscopy 27, 270–278. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Matsuda DK, Safran MR (2013) Arthroscopic internal fixation of osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral head. Orthopedics 36, e683–686. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Mainil-Varlet P, Aigner T, Brittberg M, Bullough P, Hollander A, Hunziker E, Kandel R, Nehrer S, Pritzker K, Roberts S, Stauffer E, International Cartilage Repair S (2003) Histological assessment of cartilage repair: a report by the Histology Endpoint Committee of the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS). J Bone Joint Surg Am 85(Suppl 2), 45–57. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cite this article as: Uchida S, Utsunomiya H, Honda E, Kanezaki S, Nakamura E, Pascual-Garrido C & Sakai A (2017) Arthroscopic osteochondral autologous transplantation for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral head. SICOT J, 3, 18

All Tables

Table 1.

Indication and contra-indication of OAT technique.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Figure 1.

(A) A round radiolucent lesion (arrow) suggests an osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion at the anterosuperior portion of the left femoral head. (B) Preoperative oblique sagittal view of computed tomography showing a round radiolucent lesion at the anterosuperior site of the femoral head. (C) 3-dimensional computed tomography also showing an OCD lesion (arrow) at the anterosuperior site of the femoral head. (D) Coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) view (short inversion time inversion-recovery sequence) showing a high-intensity round lesion (arrow) at the anterosuperior portion of the femoral head.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 2.

Surgical findings and technique. (A) An osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion (arrows), classified as International Cartilage Repair Society grade III, was observed at the anterosuperior femoral head, with the arthroscope viewing from the anterolateral portal (ALP). A probe through the proximal midanterior portal (PMAP) was used to evaluate the OCD lesion. (B) The degenerative OCD lesion was resected under direct visualization from the ALP. (C) A cylindrical autologous osteochondral graft (8.5 mm in diameter) was harvested arthroscopically from the ipsilateral knee joint. (D) A drill guide was introduced through the PMAP, viewing from the ALP. The subchondral bone was drilled to a depth of 14 mm. The dilator was inserted into the drill guide and tapped to the desired depth. (E) The autologous osteochondral graft was tamped into the lesion until the articular surface was flush with the host joint surface. (CP: capsule; FH: femoral head.)
In the text
thumbnail Figure 3.

(A and B) Preoperative anteroposterior radiograph and modified Dunn view (45° flexion and 20° external rotation) showing OCD lesion of the aspherical shaped femoral head. (C) CT showing OCD lesion including subchondral cystic lesion of the femoral head. (D) MRI showing OCD lesion and subchondral cystic change.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 4.

(A) Arthroscopic findings from anterolateral portal showing anterosuperior labral tear. (B) Acetabular labral repair with suture anchor fixation. (C) Arthroscopic findings from midanterior portal showing cam impingement. (D) Osteoplasty was performed.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 5.

A CROSSTRAC II drill guide system. (1) Drill guide, (2) aimer, (3) drill tube.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 6.

(A) Arthroscopic finding from ALP showing OCD lesion separated from the femoral head. (B) Viewing from MAP, OCD fragment was removed by forceps through ALP. (C) Viewing from PMAP, OCD was fixed by three 2 mm K-wires through CROSSTRAC guide. (D) Cylindrical osteochondral autograft harvested from femur. (E) Pelvic AP view showing retrograde pinning of K-wires and bone tunnel for OAT. (F) Viewing from ALP, OAT was delivered and fixed through the tunnel by using bone tunnel dilator from greater trochanter.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 7.

Postoperative anteroposterior (AP) pelvis and Dunn view confirming good healing after OAT treatment.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 8.

(A) Second look showing good healing of OAT and (B) fragment fixation at OCD lesion of the femoral head.
In the text

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.